| Acronym | SCO-U |
| Visibility | Public |
| Description | The Sustainability Core Ontology (SCO) is a middle-level ontology, covering the terminology related to the three major theoretical challenges of sustainability: 1) The polysemy of the term sustainability. 2) The relationship between sustainability and sustainable development. 3) The complexity underlying sustainability. SCO is designed to be the pivotal resource upon which to harmonize and integrate ontologies regarding sustainability. The ultimate goal is to establish a family of interoperable sustainability ontologies. Currently, SCO employs Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) and Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) as the upper-level ontologies. SCO V1.1.0 is the current release and is comprised of two segments: SCO-B (B for BFO) and SCO-U (U for UFO). SCO-B aligns the SCO vocabulary with BFO. SCO-U aligns the SCO vocabulary with gUFO (UFO implementation in the Web Ontology Language (OWL)). SCO V1.1.0. covers three natural languages, English, French, and Italian. SCO V1.1.0. conforms to OBO-Foundry principles. The most recent version of SCO-B segment can always be found at https://w3id.org/sco. The most recent version of SCO-U segment can always be found at https://w3id.org/sco/sco-u., SCO V1.1.0 aligns with two Top-Level Ontologies (TLOs), Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) and Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO). SCO V1.1.0 is comprised of two segments: SCO-B (B for BFO) and SCO-U (U for UFO). SCO-B aligns the SCO vocabulary with BFO (as SCO V1.0.0). SCO-U aligns the SCO vocabulary with gUFO (UFO implementation in the Web Ontology Language (OWL)). This file provides SCO-U segment. References – TLOs: https://github.com/BFO-ontology/BFO-2020 https://ontouml.readthedocs.io/en/latest/intro/ufo.html https://nemo-ufes.github.io/gufo/, SCO is a middle-level ontology, representing the major theoretical challenges to sustainability: 1) The polysemy of the term sustainability. 2) The relationship between sustainability and sustainable development. 3) The complexity underlying sustainability. SCO aims to play a pivotal role in harmonizing and integrating top-level and domain ontologies regarding sustainability. |
| Status | Production |
| Format | OWL |
| Contact | Giorgio A. Ubbiali, ga.ubbiali@gmail.com |
| URI | https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u |
| Alternative name | Sustainability Core Ontology - Segment U (SCO-U) |
| deprecated | false |
| endorsed By | |
| example Identifier | https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000008 |
| Contributors | Giorgio A. Ubbiali; Giancarlo Guizzardi |
| Creators | Giorgio A. Ubbiali |
| has Formality Level | http://w3id.org/nkos/nkostype#ontology |
| has License | ![]() |
| Ontology Syntax | http://www.w3.org/ns/formats/Turtle |
| has Prior Version | https://github.com/gioUbbiali/Sustainability-Core-Ontology/releases/tag/v1.0.1-revisions |
| identifier | https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u |
| is Aligned To | http://purl.org/nemo/gufo# |
| is Of Type | http://omv.ontoware.org/2005/05/ontology#CoreOntology |
| keywords | Complex Systems, Sustainable Development, Sustainability |
| Metadata vocabulary used | local:local |
| Natural Language | |
| notes | Currently, running the GUFO rules’ validator suggests that the following classes need to be either “specialized by a sortal or specialize another non-sortal which is in its turn specialized by a sortal”. https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000013 https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000014 https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000026 https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000027 https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000028 https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000029 https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000033 https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000036 In fact, these classes are non-sortal and are not specialized by any class of a specific kind. We do not regard this as problematic because SCO aims to provide a general high-level layer of representation to extend within more domain-focused ontologies. SCO-extending ontologies can specialize these classes with subclasses of specific kinds thereby easily addressing and resolving this concern. “Complex system property” and “information content entity” classes specialize “aspect” class appositely. The first aims to be a grouping for different system properties. The second requires further discussion as UFO does not address presentations of information (see comment to the class)., running the GUFO rules’ validator suggests that the following classes need to be either “specialized by a sortal or specialize another non-sortal which is in its turn specialized by a sortal”. https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000013 https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000014 https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000026 https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000027 https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000028 https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000029 https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000033 https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#SCO_0000036 In fact, these classes are non-sortal and are not specialized by any class of a specific kind. We do not regard this as problematic because SCO aims to provide a general high-level layer of representation to extend within more domain-focused ontologies. SCO-extending ontologies can specialize these classes with subclasses of specific kinds thereby easily addressing and resolving this concern. “Complex system property” and “information content entity” classes specialize “aspect” class appositely. The first aims to be a grouping for different system properties. The second requires further discussion as UFO does not address presentations of information (see comment to the class). |
| Release date | 2025-10-11T00:00:00+00:00 |
| repository | https://w3id.org/sco/repo |
| to Do List | https://github.com/gioUbbiali/Sustainability-Core-Ontology/releases/tag/v1.0.1-revisions |
| URI Lookup Endpoint | http://193.50.189.11:8080/search?ontologies=SCO-U&require_exact_match=true&q= |
| use Imports | http://gioUbbiali.github.io/sco/sco-u/cover.imports.owl |
| version | Version 1.1.0. ; segment U. |
| Version IRI | https://www.w3id.org/sco/sco-u#v1.1.0/sco-u |
| Version | Downloads | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Version 1.1.0. ; segment U. (Parsed, Indexed, Metrics, Annotator) | 10/11/2025 | 10/11/2025 | OWL | CSV | RDF/XML |
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